Carbon and its Compounds - Formula Sheet
Hydrocarbon General Formulas
| Compound Class | General Formula | Bond Type | First Member |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkanes | CnH2n+2 | Single bonds (Saturated) | Methane (CH4) |
| Alkenes | CnH2n | One double bond (Unsaturated) | Ethene (C2H4) |
| Alkynes | CnH2n-2 | One triple bond (Unsaturated) | Ethyne (C2H2) |
Where n represents the integer number of carbon atoms in the molecule (n = 1, 2, 3... for alkanes; n = 2, 3, 4... for alkenes and alkynes).
Functional Groups and Suffixes
| Class | Functional Group Structure | IUPAC Suffix | Example Compound |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | -OH | -ol | Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) |
| Aldehyde | -CHO | -al | Ethanal (CH3CHO) |
| Ketone | >C=O | -one | Propanone (CH3COCH3) |
| Carboxylic Acid | -COOH | -oic acid | Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH) |
| Ester | -COOR | -oate | Methyl Ethanoate (CH3COOCH3) |
| Ether | -O- | alkoxy- | Methoxy Methane (CH3OCH3) |
Key Reaction Equations and Chemical Formulas
- Fermentation of Molasses:
Sucrose Conversion: C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 (Glucose) + C6H12O6 (Fructose) [Catalysed by Invertase]
Glucose Conversion: C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 [Catalysed by Zymase] - Oxidation of Ethanol:
C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O [In the presence of Acidified K2Cr2O7] - Esterification Reaction:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O [In the presence of Concentrated H2SO4] - Saponification (Soap Formation):
Fat/Oil (Triglyceride) + 3 NaOH → Glycerol + 3 RCOONa (Sodium Soap) - Combustion of Hydrocarbons:
C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Heat
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